2017年必玩的二十款大作 2017年不可错过的游
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???(系統學, ??: phylogenetics)? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?????(系統分類學), ?????(系統發生學)??? ??? ??.
??? ??? DNA ??, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??(?? ?? ???? ?)??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.
???? ??? ??, ?? ? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??(cladistics)? ??? ?? ??(synapomorphies)? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ??.
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[??]???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.[1]
??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ????. ??? ??? ?????, ??, ??? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ???. 2021? 2?, ????? ???? ??? ??(? ???? ???, ?? ? ?? ? ???)? DNA ???? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? DNA??.[2][3]
??? ??
[??]????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? (ML) ? MCMC ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.
20?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??(?, ??? ?? DNA? ?? ???. DNA ??? ??)? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.
1950? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??.[4][5][6]
??? NCBI? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??.
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[??] ? ??? ??? ??????.?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???.
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[??]19?? ??? ???? ??(Ernst Haeckel)? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? "?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???. ?, ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[7][8] ??? ? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??. ?????? ? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.
?? ??? ??
[??]? ??? ?? ???, ???? ? ? ????? ???. (2022? 2?) |
? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. (2022? 2?) |
- 14??, lex parsimoniae (parsimony ??), William of Ockam , ?? ???, ???, ??? Franciscan ??, ??? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? , ???? ??
- 1763, ???? ??, Thomas Bayes ??, ??? ??
- 18??, ??? ??(Marquis de Laplace), ??? ??? ML(?? ???) ??, ??? ??
- 1809, ???, ??? ??? , Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck , ??? ??, ???, ????, ?????? 17??? 18??? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? BC 6??? Anaximander ? BC 5??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??
- 1837?, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
- 1843?, ?? ?? ??? ?? (??? ?? ???? ??? ? ), Richard Owen, ??? ??
- 1858?, ????? ???? ???? ??(1800–1862)? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? "??"? ???? ??? ??? ????. Bronn? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???.
- 1858?, ???? ???, Darwin? Wallace, ?? ?? ? Darwin? Origin of Species, ??? ??
- 1866?, Ernst Haeckel , ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??
- 1893, ?? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ??
- 1912?, ML? Ronald Fisher? ?? ??, ?? ? ????, ??? ??
- 1921?, Tillyard? "?? ??"??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.
- 1940, Lucien Cuénot? ?? "clade"?? ??
- 1949, Jackknife ???? , Maurice Quenouille(Mahalanobis? ?? '46?? ???? Tukey? ?? '58?? ???), ??? ??
- 1950, Willi Hennig? ??? ???
- 1952, William Wagner? ?????? ???
- 1953, "cladogenesis"? ????
- 1960, Cain? Harrison? ?? "cladistic"
- 1963?, ?? ???? ?? ML(?? ???)? ????? ? ?? ??, Edwards ? Cavalli-Sforza
- 1965?
- Camin-Sokal parsimony, ??? parsimony(???) ?? ? cladistic analysis? ?? ??? ??? ????/????, Camin? Sokal
- Clique ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? Camin? Sokal(loc. cit.)? EO Wilson ?? ????? ?????.
- 1966?
- Hennig? ?? ??
- "cladistics" ? "cladogram" ??(Webster's, loc. cit.)
- 1969?
- ?? ? ?? ???, James Farris
- ???? ???, ???? ???
- CI(??? ??), Kluge ? Farris
- ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??, Le Quesne
- 1970, Farris? ?? ???? Wagner ???
- 1971?
- ML? ?????(??? ???)? ??? ????? ??, Neyman
- ?? ????, ??
- NNI(??? ?? ??)? Robinson ? Moore et al.? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????.
- ME(?? ??), Kidd ? Sgaramella-Zonta (? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? Edwards? Cavalli-Sforza? ML? "?? ??"?? ??? ??? ML? ??? ??? ???? ??)
- 1972, Adams ??, Adams
- 1976, ??? ?? ??? ???, Farris
- 1977, ?? ????, ???
- 1979?
- ?? ??, ??
- MAST(?? ?? ?? ??)((GAS)?? ?? ?? ??), ?? ??, Gordon
- bootstrap, Bradley Efron, ??? ??
- 1980, PHYLIP, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???, Felsenstein
- 1981?
- ??? ??, Margush ? MacMorris
- ??? ??, Sokal ? Rohlf
- ??? ?? ???? ML ????, Felsenstein
- 1982?
- PHYSIS, Mikevich ? Farris
- ??? ? ???, ??? ??
- 1985?
- ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? Diana Lipscomb
- Cladistics? ???
- ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??, Felsenstein
- ????? ? ?? ?????? ??, Scott Lanyon
- 1986, MacClade, Maddison ? Maddison
- 1987, ?? ?? ?? Saitou? Nei
- 1988, Hennig86(?? 1.5), ???
- Bremer ??(?? ??), Bremer
- 1989?
- RI(?? ??), RCI(??? ??? ??), Farris
- HER(?? ?? ?? ??), Archie
- 1990?
- ?? ??? ?? ??(? ??) ??, Bremer
- SPR(???? ???? ? ???), TBR(?? ?? ? ???), Swofford ? Olsen
- 1991?
- DDI(??? ??? ??), Goloboff
- ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ??, Lipscomb
- 1993, ??? ??? Goloboff
- 1994, ??? ??: ?? ??? ?? RCC(??? ?? ??), Wilkinson
- 1995, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? RPC(??? ??? ??), Wilkinson
- 1996? Li, Mau, ? Rannala? Yang ?? ????? ??? BI(Bayesian Inference)? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? MCMC(Markov chain-Monte Carlo)? ???? ???
- 1998, TNT(???? ??? ?? ??), Goloboff, Farris ? Nixon
- 1999, Winclada, ??
- 2003, ?? ???, Goloboff
- 2004,2005, ??? ???(Kolmogorov ???? ?? ??? ??) ?? NCD(???? ?? ??), Li et al., Cilibrasi ? Vitanyi.
?? ???
[??]?? ?? ?? ? ??(???? ??? ????)? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??.[9]
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[??]- ↑ “Phylogenetic Trees”. 2022? 2? 3?? ???.
- ↑ CNN, Katie Hunt. “World's oldest DNA sequenced from a mammoth that lived more than 1 million years ago”. 2022? 2? 3?? ???.
- ↑ Callaway, Ewen (2021? 2? 25?). “Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA”. 《Nature》 (??) 590 (7847): 537–538. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00436-x. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ↑ Brusca, Richard C. (2003). 《Invertebrates》 2?. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-097-3.
- ↑ Bock, W. J. (2004). Explanations in systematics. Pp. 49–56. In Williams, D. M. and Forey, P. L. (eds) Milestones in Systematics. London: Systematics Association Special Volume Series 67. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
- ↑ Auyang, Sunny Y. (1998). Narratives and Theories in Natural History. In: Foundations of complex-system theories: in economics, evolutionary biology, and statistical physics. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Blechschmidt, Erich (1977) The Beginnings of Human Life. Springer-Verlag Inc., p. 32: "The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally wrong."
- ↑ Ehrlich, Paul; Richard Holm; Dennis Parnell (1963) The Process of Evolution. New York: McGraw–Hill, p. 66: "Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic tree."
- ↑ Heggarty, Paul (2006). "Interdisciplinary Indiscipline? Can Phylogenetic Methods Meaningfully Be Applied to Language Data — and to Dating Language?" (PDF). In Peter Forster; Colin Renfrew (eds.). Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages. McDonald Institute Monographs. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
